Ambulance Drivers during World War I :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Ambulance Drivers during World War I World War I allowed for the emergence of many new types of warring equipment. The airplane proved to be very useful and successful. The armored tank became an integral part of an army. However, one of the many new innovations that is frequently overlooked is the introduction of the ambulance. Even though ambulances were used as early as the 1480’s, they were first predominantly used in World War I. The main reason for this is the advent of the automobile. The first vehicles designed as ambulances were first used in 1792 by the French Army (Prose & Poetry). These were usually wagons pulled by slow animals, such as oxen. Because the ambulances were slow in addition to the rough terrain they had to pass through in battlefields, most patients were likely to die from the trip itself (Prose & Poetry). Additionally, the ambulances had bad reputations. They were considered as â€Å"driven by civilian drunkards and thieves who ran when they heard the guns† (qtd in Prose & Poetry). With the introduction of the automobile, the image of the ambulance changed. The ambulances were faster and performed their job much better. The novelty and the speed made driving an ambulance more acceptable to members of the better educated class in the United States (Prose & Poetry). This allowed ambulance organizations to recruit volunteers from ‘better’ schools, such as Harvard and Yale. Ironically, since the automobile was still new many recruits had to first learn how to drive. Because of the number of better educated volunteers, there were a significant number of famous authors that were ambulance drivers during World War I. They included Ernest Hemingway, W. Somerset Maugham, and E.E. Cummings (Literary). Three predominant volunteer ambulance groups were active in World War I: the American Field Service (AFS), Norton-Harjes, and the American Red Cross. When the United States entered the war, the AFS and Norton-Harjes merged into the U.S. Army Ambulance Corps (Literary). Many of these volunteer groups recruited drivers directly from colleges and universities around the United States.

Recrystallization Lab Essay

Recrystallization is a method used for purifying solid organic compounds. It is the most efficient method to purify and remove impurities from a solid to allow a crystal to grow. The method is when the solute in a hot solvent yields to a solution. Once the solvent cools, the solution is saturated with respect to the solute, which is when it recrystallizes. A crystal is the end result of the method and it is a single pure substance with the impurities being excluded from it. The recrystallization method can be broken down into seven steps: 1) Choosing the solvent, 2) Dissolving the solute, 3) Decolorizing the Solution, 4) Filtering suspended solids, 5) Recrystallizing the solute, 6) Collecting and washing the crystals, and 7) Drying the product. Activated Charcoal is used in Recrystallization to absorb the impurities that are in the solution. Experimental Section 1) Recrystallization of Phthalic Acid 2) Recrystallization of Benzoic Acid 3) Recrystallization of Naphthalene Table of Chemicals Melting point Boiling Point Molar Mass Color Phthalic Acid 230 °C Decomposes 166.13 g/mole White Benzoic Acid 122.4 °C 249.2 °C 122.12 g/mole Not available Naphthalene 80.2 °C 218 °C 128.19 g/mole white Results Phthalic Acid Benzoic Acid Naphthalene Mass .143 g .126g (w/ out water) .098g (w/ water) .439g Percent Recovery 71.5% (0.143g/0.2g) 252% (.0126/0.05g) 196% (0.098g/0.05g) 43.9% (0.439g/1.0g) Melting Point 220 °C 110 °C (w/ out water) 105 °C (w/ water) 70 °C Discussion The percent recovery of Benzoic Acid is way above 100%. This indicates that an error was performed during the experiment. Phthalic Acid melted just 20 °C less than the standard melting point for Phthalic Acid. Naphthalene melted 10 °C less and Benzoic Acid also did not reach the standard melting point. Reasons for a low percent Recovery for Phthalic Acid and Naphthalene is probably because not all of the solid were collected when filtered out. Reasons for Benzoic Acid being over 100 % is probably because there was an excess of solute and it was not filtered out correctly. Conclusion To conclude, the experiment was successful in creating crystals and removing them from impurities. Only fault was not taking out enough of the crystals to get the right percent recovery. The techniques for recrystallization can be used for any chemicals as long as there is a solvent that it can mix with and it is an impure compound. References Weldegirma, Solomon. Laboratory Manual: CHM 2210L and CHM 2211L. Tampa: Chemistry Department, 2014. Print. â€Å"Phthalic Acid Msds.† Science Lab. N.P., n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2014 â€Å"Recrystallization Technique.† – [www.rhodium.ws]. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Sept. 2014.

Girl, Interrupted, By Film Starring Winona Ryder And...

Girl, Interrupted is a 1999 drama film starring Winona Ryder and Angelina Jolie that is based off of Susanna Kaysen’s memoir of the same name that documented her stay in a mental institution during the 1960’s. In the film, Susanna’s character displays many symptoms of some form of mental illness ranging from impulsivity to a suicide attempt. In the beginning of the movie, Susanna is rushed to the hospital after overdosing on aspirin and vodka; Susanna, in denial about her own mental state, declares often throughout the early parts of the film that she took the aspirin â€Å"because she had a headache†, refusing to acknowledge that she had attempted suicide. In addition to her apparent suicidality, Susanna engaged in self-harm behaviors, shown†¦show more content†¦The broad range of symptoms that Susanna demonstrated during the film makes it hard to pinpoint an exact diagnosis for her. Given the symptoms Susanna presented, including instability in relationships, impulsivity, suicidality and self harm, negative affect, and feelings of emptiness; a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) seems most likely. A diagnosis of depression also seems fairly likely due to Susanna’s low mood and thoughts of suicide; however, this diagnosis did not completely map onto the symptoms that Susanna presented throughout the film. The depressive symptoms she experienced were also symptoms of her personality disorder, perhaps suggesting a comorbidity. In the film, the age of onset for Susanna’s BPD was around 18 years old, which fits within the framework for diagnosing personality disorders, as personality disorders are not usually diagnosed until the patient reaches adulthood. The first episode that Susanna experienced was very severe, leading her to attempt suicide, this episode extended into the beginning of her stay at Claymoore, and could be triggered by s tresses in her environment. The episode then decreased in severity as time passed and as she received treatment, which was multifaceted and tailored to her individualShow MoreRelatedI Watched The Film Girl, Interrupted Starring Winona Ryder And Angelina Jolie Essay1689 Words   |  7 Pages1 A: I watched the film Girl, Interrupted starring Winona Ryder and Angelina Jolie. The film is based on a true story of a young woman with borderline personality disorder named Susana Kaysen. Following a suicide attempt, Susana admits herself into a psychiatric hospital with the encouragement of a mental health professional. Throughout the film, when Susana describes what she experiences psychologically, as well as flashbacks to her previous life in a detached and sulked tone –emphasizing the detachmentRead More Girl Interrupted Essay986 Words   |  4 Pages GIRL, INTERRUPTED by Susanna Kaysen (New York: Turtle Bay Books, 1993) 1. Author: Susanna Kayson was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1948 where she still lives. She is the author of books which are in some parts related to her personal experiences. She worked as a free-lance editor and proof reader until an introduction to an agent set her career in motion. Her novels: The novel that caught the agents attention, Asa, As I Knew Him, was published in 1987 and people were very interested in